ʻenehana hana margarine
HOOLAHA HOOKO
ʻO nā ʻoihana meaʻai i kēia lā e like me nā ʻoihana hana ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole wale i ka nānā ʻana i ka hilinaʻi a me ka maikaʻi o nā lako hana meaʻai akā pū kekahi i nā lawelawe like ʻole e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻolako i nā lako hana. Ma waho aʻe o nā laina kaʻina hana maikaʻi a mākou e hāʻawi ai, hiki iā mākou ke lilo i hoa mai ka manaʻo mua a i ʻole ke kahua papahana a hiki i ka pae komisina hope, ʻaʻole e poina i ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi ma hope o ka mākeke.
Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Shiputec ma mua o 20 mau makahiki o ka ʻike no ka ʻoihana meaʻai a me ka ʻoihana pale.
KA HOAKAKA I KO MAKOU IKE
HIʻO A ME KA HOʻOMAʻI
Hoʻolālā ka ʻāpana Shiputec, hana a me nā mākeke hana ʻenehana a me nā ʻōnaehana automation i ka meaʻai, meaʻai, mea inu, kai, lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana mālama pilikino ma o kāna mau hana honua.
Kūpaʻa mākou i ke kōkua ʻana i kā mākou mea kūʻai aku ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana a me ka loaʻa kālā o kā lākou mea kanu hana a me nā kaʻina hana. Hoʻokō mākou i kēia ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ākea o nā huahana a me nā hoʻonā mai nā ʻāpana ʻenekinia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mea kanu kaʻina piha i kākoʻo ʻia e nā noi alakaʻi honua a me ka ʻike hoʻomohala.
Ke hoʻomau nei mākou i ke kōkua ʻana i kā mākou mea kūʻai aku e hoʻokō i ka hana a me ka loaʻa kālā o kā lākou mea kanu i loko o kona ola lawelawe me nā lawelawe kākoʻo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ko lākou mau pono ponoʻī ma o kahi lawelawe mea kūʻai aku i hui pū ʻia a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana.
KA MEA KUAI
Hoʻokumu, hana a hoʻokomo ʻo Shiputec i nā laina hana hou, kiʻekiʻe a hilinaʻi no ka ʻoihana meaʻai. No ka hana ʻana i nā huahana momona crystallized e like me ka margarine, ka pata, nā pālahalaha a me nā pōkole Hāʻawi ʻo Shiputec i nā hāʻina e komo pū ana nā laina kaʻina no nā huahana meaʻai emulsified e like me ka mayonnaise, sauces a me nā lole.
HOOLAHA MARGARINE
ʻO ka margarine a me nā huahana pili i loaʻa i kahi pae wai a me kahi pae momona a no laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia e like me ka wai-i-ʻaila (W/O) emulsions kahi e hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻia ai ka pae wai e like me nā kulu i ka manawa momona mau. Ma muli o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka huahana, kohoʻia keʻano o ka māhele momona a me ka hana hana.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mea hana crystallization, ʻo kahi hale hana hou no ka margarine a me nā huahana pili e hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā pahu like ʻole no ka mālama aila a me ka emulsifier, ka pae wai a me ka hoʻomākaukau emulsion; helu ʻia ka nui a me ka helu o nā pahu ma muli o ka hiki o ka mea kanu a me ka waihona huahana. Aia i loko o ka hale kahi kahi pasteurization a me kahi hale hoʻoheheʻe. No laila, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana hana i nā kaʻina hana ma lalo nei (e ʻoluʻolu e ʻike i ke kiʻikuhi 1):
HOOMAKAUKAU ANA O KA WAI A ME KA MOKUNA (ZONE 1)
Hoʻomakaukau pinepine ʻia ka ʻāpana wai i loko o ka pahu wai. Pono ka wai inu maikaʻi. Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka wai maikaʻi loa, hiki ke mālama mua ʻia ka wai ma o ka laʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana UV a kānana paha.
Ma waho aʻe o ka wai, hiki i ka pae wai ke komo i ka paʻakai a i ʻole ka brine, nā protein waiu (margarine papaʻaina a me nā pālahalaha haʻahaʻa), ke kō (puff pastry), nā stabilizers (hōʻemi a me nā pālahalaha haʻahaʻa momona), nā preservatives a me nā mea ʻono wai.
ʻO nā mea nui i loko o ka māhele momona, ka momona momona, ka mea maʻamau i kahi hui o nā momona a me nāʻaila likeʻole. I mea e hoʻokō ai i ka margarine me nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana i makemake ʻia, ʻo ka ratio o nā momona a me nā aila i loko o ka momona momona ka mea hoʻoholo no ka hana o ka huahana hope.
ʻO nā momona a me nā ʻaila like ʻole, ma ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana a i ʻole ka aila hoʻokahi, mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu mālama aila i waiho ʻia ma waho o ka hale hana. Mālama ʻia kēia mau mea ma kahi mahana mālama paʻa ma luna o ka helu heheʻe o ka momona a ma lalo o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i mea e pale aku ai i ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka momona a hiki ke maʻalahi i ka lawelawe ʻana.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hui ʻana o ka momona, ʻo ka māhele momona ka mea maʻamau i nā mea momona liʻiliʻi e like me ka emulsifier, lecithin, flavor, color and antioxidants. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i loko o ka hui momona ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka wai, pēlā ma mua o ke kaʻina hana emulsification.
Hoʻomākaukau EMULSION ( ZONE 2 )
Hoʻomākaukauʻia ka emulsion ma ka hoʻoiliʻana i nāʻaila likeʻole a me ka momona a iʻole ka momona i hui pūʻia i ka pahu emulsion. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohui mua ʻia nā momona hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā momona momona a ukali ʻia e nā momona hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻaila wai. No ka hoʻopauʻana i ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i ka māhele momona, ua hoʻohuiʻia ka emulsifier a me nā mea liʻiliʻi'ē aʻe i kaʻaila i ka momona. Ke hui pono ʻia nā mea ʻai a pau no ka māhele momona, hoʻohui ʻia ka pae wai a hana ʻia ka emulsion ma lalo o ka hui ʻana ikaika akā hoʻomalu ʻia.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole no ke ana ʻana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole no ka emulsion a ʻelua e hana pū ana:
Pūnaehana mika kahe
Pūnaehana pahu kaupaona
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana emulsification hoʻomau i loko o ka laina he mea ʻoi aku ka makemake akā hoʻohana ʻia ma ka laʻana i nā laina kaha kiʻekiʻe kahi i loaʻa ai ka wahi liʻiliʻi no nā pahu emulsion. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia ʻōnaehana i nā ʻōpala dosing a me nā mika kahe nui e hoʻomalu i ka ratio o nā ʻāpana i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kahi pahu emulsion liʻiliʻi.
Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ke hoʻomalu piha ʻia. ʻO kekahi mau mea kanu kahiko, aia nō naʻe nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomākaukau emulsion me ka lima akā he mea paʻakikī kēia mau hana a ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻokomo i kēia lā ma muli o nā kānāwai traceability koʻikoʻi.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana mika kahe ma luna o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka emulsion e ana ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā mea ʻai e nā mika kahe nui ke hoʻoili ʻia mai nā pahu hoʻomākaukau ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka pahu emulsion. ʻO ka pololei o kēia pūnaewele he +/-0.3%. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana e kona ʻike ʻole i nā mana o waho e like me ka vibrations a me ka lepo.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pahu kaupaona e like me ka ʻōnaehana mika kahe e pili ana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka emulsion. Maanei ua hoʻohui pololei ʻia ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui a me nā ʻāpana i ka pahu emulsion i kau ʻia ma nā cell load e hoʻomalu ana i nā nui i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pahu.
ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ʻelua-tank no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka emulsion i mea e hiki ai ke holo mau i ka laina crystallization. Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia pahu ma ke ʻano he hoʻomākaukau a me ka pahu hoʻopaʻa (emulsion tank), no laila e hānai ʻia ka laina crystallization mai hoʻokahi pahu a e hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi pūʻulu hou ma kekahi a me ka hope. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana flip-flop.
ʻO kahi hoʻonā kahi i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ai ka emulsion i loko o ka pahu hoʻokahi a i ka wā e mākaukau ai e hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kahi pahu buffer mai kahi e hānai ʻia ai ka laina crystallization he koho pū kekahi. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana ʻo ka premix/buffer system.
KA HOʻOPIʻI ( ZONE 3 )
Mai ka pahu hoʻopaʻa e hoʻomau mau ʻia ka emulsion ma o kahi mea hoʻololi wela pā (PHE) a i ʻole kahi mea hoʻololi wela wela o ka ʻili (SSHE), a i ʻole SSHE kaomi kiʻekiʻe no ka pasteurization ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka laina crystallization.
No nā huahana momona piha, hoʻohana maʻamau ka PHE. No nā ʻano momona haʻahaʻa kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai ka emulsion e hōʻike i kahi viscosity kiʻekiʻe a no nā emulsions wela-sensible (e like me nā emulsions me ka nui o ka protein content) ʻo ka ʻōnaehana SPX ma ke ʻano he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka SPX-PLUS ma ke ʻano he hopena kiʻekiʻe.
He nui nā pono o ka hana pasteurization. Hoʻopaʻa ia i ka pale ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka ulu ʻana o nā micro-organisms ʻē aʻe, pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa microbiological o ka emulsion. ʻO ka pasteurization o ka pae wai wale nō ka mea hiki, akā makemake ʻia ka pasteurization o ka emulsion piha ʻoiai ʻo ke kaʻina hana pasteurization o ka emulsion e liʻiliʻi i ka manawa noho mai ka huahana pasteurized i ka hoʻopiha ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka huahana hope. Eia kekahi, mālama ʻia ka huahana ma kahi kaʻina hana mai ka pasteurization a hiki i ka hoʻopiha ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka huahana hope a me ka pasteurization o nā mea hana hou i hōʻoia ʻia i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka emulsion piha.
Eia kekahi,ʻo ka pasteurization o ka emulsion piha e hōʻoia i ka hānaiʻiaʻana o ka emulsion i ka laina crystallization ma kahi mahana mau e loaʻa ai nā palena hana mau, nā wela o ka huahana a me keʻano o ka huahana. Eia kekahi, ua pale ʻia ka hiki ʻana o ka emulsion pre-crystallized i hānai ʻia i nā lako crystallization i ka wā e hoʻopili pono ʻia ai ka emulsion a hānai ʻia i ka paila kiʻekiʻe ma kahi mahana 5-10 ° C kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka helu heheʻe o ka pae momona.
A typical pasteurization kaʻina hana ma hope o ka hoomakaukau ana o ka emulsion ma 45-55 ° C komo i ka hoʻomehana a me ka paa ana o ka emulsion ma 75-85°C no 16 sec. a ma hope iho he kaʻina hana hoʻoluʻu i kahi mahana o 45-55°C. ʻO ka wela hopena e pili ana i ka helu heheʻe o ka pae momona: ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu heheʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana.
KA AUAU, KA PILI A ME KA KNEADING (ZONE 4 )
Hoʻomoʻi ʻia ka emulsion i ka laina crystallization ma o ka piston pump kiʻekiʻe (HPP). ʻO ka laina crystallization no ka hana ʻana i ka margarine a me nā huahana e pili ana i kahi SSHE kiʻekiʻe i hoʻomaha ʻia e ka ammonia a i ʻole Freon type cooling media. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā mīkini rotor pin a me / a i ʻole nā mea crystallizer waena i ka laina i mea e hoʻohui ai i ka ikaika kneading hou a me ka manawa no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana plastik. ʻO ka pahu hoʻomaha ka pae hope loa o ka laina crystallization a hoʻokomo wale ʻia inā paʻa ka huahana.
ʻO ka puʻuwai o ka laina crystallization ka SSHE kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka emulsion mehana ka super-cooled a crystallized ma ka ʻili o loko o ka pahu chilling. Hoʻopau maikaʻi ʻia ka emulsion e nā mea ʻoki ʻoki, no laila ua maloʻo ka emulsion a kāwili ʻia i ka manawa like. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka momona i loko o ka emulsion, hoʻokumu nā kristal momona i ʻekolu-dimensional network entrapping i nā droplets wai a me ka ʻaila wai, e hopena i nā huahana me nā waiwai o ka ʻano semi-solid plastic.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka huahana e hana ʻia a me ke ʻano o nā momona i hoʻohana ʻia no ka huahana kikoʻī, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka laina crystallization (ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o nā paipu chilling a me nā mīkini rotor pin) e hāʻawi i ka hoʻonohonoho kūpono no ka huahana kūikawā.
Ma muli o ka hana pinepine ʻana o ka laina crystallization i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi huahana momona kikoʻī, ʻo ka SSHE he mau ʻāpana ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe paha nā ʻāpana hoʻoluʻu a i ʻole nā paipu hoʻoheheʻe i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā koi no kahi laina crystallization maʻalahi. I ka hana ʻana i nā huahana momona crystallized o nā hui momona like ʻole, pono ka maʻalahi no ka mea ʻokoʻa nā hiʻohiʻona crystallization o ka hui ʻana mai kahi hui a i kekahi.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana crystallization, nā kūlana hoʻoponopono a me nā ʻāpana hana i ka hopena nui i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka margarine hope a hoʻolaha i nā huahana. Ke hoʻolālā nei i kahi laina crystallization, he mea nui e ʻike i nā ʻano o nā huahana i hoʻolālā ʻia e hana ʻia ma ka laina. No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā no ka wā e hiki mai ana, pono ka maʻalahi o ka laina a me nā ʻāpana hoʻoponopono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēlā me kēia kanaka, no ka mea, hiki ke loli ke ʻano o nā huahana hoihoi me ka manawa a me nā mea maka.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka mana o ka laina e ka ʻili hoʻoluʻu i loaʻa i ka SSHE. Loaʻa nā mīkini nui like ʻole mai nā laina haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā degere like ʻole o ka maʻalahi mai nā lako paipu hoʻokahi a i nā laina paipu lehulehu, no laila hiki ke maʻalahi nā laina hana.
Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka huahana i ka SSHE, komo ia i ka mīkini rotor pin a me / a i ʻole nā crystallizers waena kahi i kāwili ʻia ai no kekahi manawa a me kekahi ikaika i mea e kōkua ai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻekolu-dimensional, kahi. ma ka pae macroscopic ka hale palaki. Inā manaʻo ʻia e puʻunaue ʻia ka huahana ma ke ʻano he huahana i ʻōwili ʻia, e komo hou ʻo ia i ka SSHE ma mua o ka noho ʻana i loko o ka pahu hoʻomaha ma mua o ka wahī ʻana. Inā hoʻopiha ʻia ka huahana i loko o nā kīʻaha, ʻaʻohe pahu hoʻomaha i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka laina crystallization.
PIKI, PIHA A ME KA REMELTING ( ZONE 5 )
Loaʻa nā mīkini hoʻopihapiha a me nā mīkini hoʻopihapiha ma ka mākeke a ʻaʻole e wehewehe ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻokoʻa o ka huahana inā hana ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻopiha ʻia paha. ʻIke ʻia e hōʻike ʻia kahi huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻano paʻa ma mua o kahi huahana i hoʻopiha ʻia a inā ʻaʻole maikaʻi kēia ʻano e hoʻohuli ʻia ka huahana i ka ʻōnaehana remelting, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia i ka pahu pahu no ka hana hou ʻana. Loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana remelting ʻokoʻa akā ʻo nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo PHE a i ʻole SSHE kaomi haʻahaʻa.
AUTOMATION
ʻO Margarine, e like me nā huahana meaʻai ʻē aʻe, aia i nā hale hana i kēia lā i hana ʻia ma lalo o nā kaʻina hana traceability. ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana maʻamau ka uhi ʻana i nā meaʻai, ka hana ʻana a me ka hopena o ka huahana hope ʻaʻole wale i kahi palekana meaʻai i hoʻonui ʻia akā i ka maikaʻi mau o ka meaʻai. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā koi traceability i ka ʻōnaehana mana o ka hale hana a ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻōnaehana mana Shiputec e kāohi, hoʻopaʻa a palapala i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a me nā palena e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana piha.
Hoʻolako ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu me ka pale ʻōlelo huna a loaʻa i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻikepili mōʻaukala o nā ʻāpana āpau i pili i ka laina hana margarine mai ka ʻike meaʻai a hiki i ka loiloi huahana hope loa. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hiki a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka pamu kaomi kiʻekiʻe (l/hola a me ke kaomi hope), nā wela o ka huahana (me ke kaʻina hana pasteurization) i ka wā crystallization, nā mahana hoʻoluʻu (a i ʻole nā kaomi media hoʻoluʻu) o ka SSHE, ka wikiwiki o ka SSHE a nā mīkini rotor pin a me ka ukana o nā kaʻa e holo ana i ka pauma kiʻekiʻe, ka SSHE a me nā mīkini rotor pin.
Pūnaehana hoʻomalu
I ka wā o ka hana ʻana, e hoʻouna ʻia nā mea hoʻāla i ka mea hoʻohana inā ʻaʻole i palena nā ʻāpana hana no ka huahana kikoʻī; ua hoʻonoho ʻia kēia mau mea i ka mea hoʻoponopono meaʻai ma mua o ka hana ʻana. Pono e ʻae ʻia kēia mau ʻōleo me ka lima a pono e hana ʻia nā hana e like me nā kaʻina hana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā puʻupuʻu a pau i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana alarm mōʻaukala no ka nānā ʻana ma hope. I ka haʻalele ʻana o ka huahana i ka laina hana ma kahi ʻano hoʻopihapiha kūpono a i hoʻopiha ʻia paha, ʻokoʻa ia mai ka inoa huahana maʻamau i hōʻailona ʻia me ka lā, ka manawa a me ka helu ʻike hui no ka nānā ʻana ma hope. ʻO ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o nā hana hana a pau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana no ka palekana o ka mea hana a me ka mea hoʻohana hope, ka mea kūʻai.
CIP
ʻO nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe CIP (CIP = hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma kahi) kekahi ʻāpana o kahi hale margarine hou no ka mea pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau ʻia nā mea kanu hana margarine. No nā huahana margarine maʻamau i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule he wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, no nā huahana koʻikoʻi e like me ka momona haʻahaʻa (maʻiʻo wai kiʻekiʻe) a/a i ʻole ka protein kiʻekiʻe me nā huahana, ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma waena o ka CIP.
Ma ke kumu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana CIP ʻelua: nā mea kanu CIP e hoʻohana ana i ka media hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻokahi wale nō a i ʻole nā mea kanu CIP i manaʻo ʻia e hana ana ma o kahi hoʻonā paʻa o ka media hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahi e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai ka media e like me ka lye, acid a/a i nā disinfectants i kēlā me kēia CIP nā pahu mālama ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana hope no ka mea e hōʻike ana ia i kahi hopena pili i ka kaiapuni a he hopena hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a ma laila ke kumu kūʻai o kēia mau mea.
Inā hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau laina hana i loko o ka hale hana hoʻokahi, hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā ala hoʻomaʻemaʻe like a i ʻole CIP satellite system. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka emi nui o ka manawa hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana o ke kaʻina CIP a hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka ʻimi hope ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mana.
OLELO HOPE
I ka hana ʻana i ka margarine a me nā huahana e pili ana, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole wale nā mea ʻai e like me nā aila a me nā momona i hoʻohana ʻia a i ʻole ka papa o ka huahana e hoʻoholo ai i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope akā ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka mea kanu, ka kaʻina hana a me ke kūlana o ka mea kanu. Inā ʻaʻole mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka laina a i ʻole nā mea hana, aia ka pilikia ʻaʻole e hana pono ka laina. No laila, no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe, pono ka mea kanu maikaʻi akā ʻo ke koho ʻana i ka momona momona me nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka noi hope o ka huahana he mea nui pū kekahi me ka hoʻonohonoho kūpono a me ke koho ʻana i nā ʻāpana hana o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka mea hope akā ʻaʻole ka liʻiliʻi loa e mālama ʻia ka wela e like me ka hoʻohana hope ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-19-2023